植物对水分胁迫的分子响应及其遗传改良研究进展

植物对水分胁迫适应性的生理机理已相继在水稻、小麦、玉米、高梁等作物中得以报道。然而，有关这些性状的遗传控制及其在与逆境下作物生产的关系却了解甚少，由此阻碍了抗性遗传改良的进展。随着基因定位、基因组图谱、基因转移等分子生物学技术的发展，对植物抗逆性状进行分子剖析成为可能。本文综述了主要禾谷类作物对水分胁迫的抗性生理及遗传研究上的最新进展，讨论了植物抗性遗传改良的发展前景。     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.     

Effect of nutrients and liming on changes in pH,redox potential,and uptake of iron and manganese by wetland rice in iron-toxic soil

In a greenhouse experiment, the nutrients NPK, NPK + lime, K, and Mn were applied to an iron-toxic soil (Typic Haplastulf). Soil pH and dry matter production were increased and Eh and available Fe in the soil were decreased. Though liming the soil decreased available Fe and Mn and increased pH to the greatest extent, the highest dry matter production was obtained with NPK application. NPK + lime produced a smaller yield than NPK without lime. Though the application of K or Mn alone produced much less dry matter than NPK or NPK + lime, no symptoms of Fe toxicity were observed. We conclude that Fe toxicity can be reduced with a balanced use of fertilizers (NPK or NPK + lime) and its occurrence was mostly due to nutrient stress.     

水分胁迫下李树叶绿素荧光动力学特性研究

水分胁迫引起李树叶片叶绿素含量(CHL)、相对含水量(LRWC)下降,叶绿素荧光参数Fo升高,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo和Fo与Fm曲线之间面积降低,表明水分胁迫影响了光系统Ⅱ光化学效率、潜在活性、捕获激发能的效率、光合电子的传递以及电子受体库的大小,从而导致光合速率下降。3个供试品种中以“索瑞斯”受影响最小,“秋姬”居中,“安哥洛”最大,说明“索瑞斯”抗旱性最强。     

盐胁迫下转Bt基因棉的K+、Na+转运及SOD活性的变化

通过对转Bt基因棉(苏抗103)和受体棉(苏棉12)在不同浓度盐胁迫条件下的钾钠离子的转运、累积分布以及它们SOD活性和H2O2含量变化的比较,证明了Bt抗虫基因的导入一方面导致棉花植株地上部钾累积增多,根部钾含量降低,从根往地上部的钾转运能力增强,而且根吸收能力也有增强趋势;然而另一方面,受盐胁迫时转Bt基因棉对钾的向上运输选择性减弱,地上部钠积累偏多,盐耐性减弱;SOD活性受盐胁迫影响,下降显著,超氧自由基的清除能力可能受到影响。结果表明,与常规棉有所不同,转Bt基因棉可能不太适宜在盐碱土壤上种植。     

The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 g.l^–1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 g.l^–1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 g.l^–1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 g.l^–1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.     

The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-1.gif^–), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical (OHequation/tex2gif-sup-4.gif). Reactive O₂ species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO₂ fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O₂. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-6.gif^– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H₂O₂ (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H₂O₂ in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.     

在干旱和正常水分条件下玉米穗部性状QTL分析

穗部性状与产量密切相关,因此对其进行遗传剖析可为玉米高产育种提供理论基础,尤其是对干旱胁迫下的稳产有重要意义。本研究以玉米骨干亲本黄早四分别与自交系掖478和齐319进行杂交,构建了两套F_2:3群体(分别记为Y/H和Q/H)。在正常水分灌溉和干旱胁迫下对穗长、穗粗、轴粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒重和穗重等7个穗部性状进行了表型鉴定,采用基于混合线性模型的单环境分析和相同处理水平的联合分析方法进行了QTL分析。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,2个群体的亲本及F_2:3家系的各性状值均低于正常水分条件,且穗粒重与穗长、穗重、穗粗呈正相关。在干旱胁迫下和正常水分条件下,通过两种检测方法共定位到75个玉米穗部性状QTL,其中Y/H群体共定位了20个QTL,分布在第1、第2、6、第5、第7、第10染色体上;Q/H群体共定位了55个QTL,分布在第2、第3、第4、第5、第6、第7、第9、第10染色体上;但是在干旱条件下两群体分别只检测到4个和19个QTL,明显低于正常水分条件下检测到的QTL数目。通过联合分析只检测到3个QTL与环境发生显著互作和6对QTL存在上位性互作效应,说明玉米穗部性状的遗传基础较为复杂。同时还发现,Y/H群体在正常灌溉与干旱条件下检测到2个一致性的QTL,分别是qKRE1-5-1和qKRE1-7-1,对表型变异解释的变化范围是6.15%~19.48%;Q/H群体检测到3个一致性QTL,分别是qKRE2-5-1、qGW2-10-1和qKRE2-3-1,对表型变异解释的变化范围是7.14%~16.65%,说明这些QTL受环境影响较小,能够稳定遗传,可以作为分子标记辅助选择的候选区间应用于玉米穗部性状抗旱性改良。     

冷诱导下毛百合甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶活性变化及其基因保守区的克隆

探讨了野生毛百合甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶活性在冷胁迫下的变化,用简并引物扩增了甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶基因保守区序列的结果表明,该保守区段长744 bp,推测编码247个氨基酸.在GPAT氨基酸序列中存在1个高度保守的区域(WIAPSGGRDRP),在NCBI上经过BLASTp比对分析,发现这段保守区序列为LPLAT基...     

Fruit maturity affects the response of apples to heat stress

Quality changes of apple fruit at different maturity stages in response to heat stress were investigated. ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Cortland’ apples at immature (pre-climacteric), commercial harvest maturity (CHM) and post climacteric maturity (PCM, CHM plus 4 weeks) were harvested and held at 46 °C for 0, 4, 8, or 12 h. Following treatments, fruits were stored in air at 0 °C and evaluated after 0, 1, 2, or 3 months. Quality indices including peel and flesh browning, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and ethanol production were measured. Results indicated that different cultivars and maturities affected the fruit's resistance to heat stress. ‘Jonagold’ was more resistant to heat stress than ‘Cortland’. Fruit at PCM were most sensitive to heat stress, followed by fruits at CHM and immature stages. When ‘Jonagold’ apples at immature and CHM stages were held at 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, flesh browning ratings were negligible compared with 1.4 or 2.9, respectively in ‘Cortland’. Flesh browning rating increased to 1.4 or 4.5 in PCM ‘Jonagold’ held at 46 °C for 8 or 12 h and then stored for 3 months while it was 4.9 or 5.0, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat treatment-induced flesh injury was associated with a decrease in CF. After fruit were exposure to 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, Fv/Fm was reduced by 13%, 30%, and 55% in ‘Jonagold’ at immature maturity, CHM and PCM, respectively, while it was reduced by 51%, 58% and 75%, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat stress also caused a decrease in fruit titratable acidity, but had no effect on soluble solids contents. The 8 or 12 h heat treatment resulted in an increase in ethanol production, which was greatest in PCM apples.